Disk Usage#
To check disk usage:
$ ncdu -rx /
To clean unused files:
$ dnf clean all
$ find /var/cache/PackageKit/ -name "*.rpm" -delete
$ mock --clean
$ cd /var/lib/mock; rm -rf *
$ cd /var/cache/mock; rm -rf *
$ cd ~/modulebuild/builds; rm -rf *
$ docker system prune -a
Disk Partition Table#
Displaying disk partition table#
$ fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb1912ba4
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vda1 * 2048 514047 512000 250M 83 Linux
/dev/vda2 514048 16777215 16263168 7.8G 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root: 7.7 GiB, 8258584576 bytes, 16130048 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_swap: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Creating a new disk#
A virtual disk can be created via the VM management interface:
Select VM
Select Disks tab
Click New
Enter Size (e.g. 10 GB)
Click OK
Verify the new disk with the following command:
$ fdisk -l...Disk ``\ ``/dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesCreating a new partition#
To create a new partition on a disk (e.g. /dev/sda):
$ fdisk /dev/sdaWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.28.2).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Device does not contain a recognized partition table.Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x398bfa85.Command (m for help): nPartition type`` p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)``
`` e extended (container for logical partitions)``
Select (default p):Using default response p.Partition number (1-4, default 1):First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519):Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.Command (m for help): tSelected partition 1Partition type (type L to list all types): 8eChanged type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x398bfa85Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1`` 2048 20971519 20969472 10G 8e Linux LVM``Command (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.Physical Volumes#
Displaying physical volumes#
$ pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda2
VG Name vg_root
PV Size 7.75 GiB / not usable 0
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1985
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 1985
PV UUID 1BIpPc-asey-Vn6V-x8h8-me5s-ibg6-jlZ2RJ
Adding physical volume#
$ pvcreate ``\ ``/dev/sda1`` Physical volume “/dev/sda1” successfully created.``
Volume Groups#
Displaying volume groups#
$ vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vg_root
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 7.75 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1985
Alloc PE / Size 1985 / 7.75 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID he5cCR-6PYT-QoSd-6fzn-lAUw-7M2o-Xal6FA
Creating a volume group#
$ vgcreate vg_test /dev/sda1`` Volume group “vg_test” successfully created``
Removing a volume group#
$ vgremove vg_test`` Volume group “vg_test” successfully removed``
Adding physical volume to volume group#
$ vgextend vg_root ``\ ``/dev/sda1`` Volume group “vg_root” successfully extended``
Logical Volumes#
Displaying logical volumes#
$ lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv_root vg_root -wi-ao---- 7.69g
lv_swap vg_root -wi-ao---- 64.00m
$ lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg_root/lv_root
LV Name lv_root
VG Name vg_root
LV UUID 3R31DO-bVdS-gwMB-9mFp-RR02-cot0-BxxXs3
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time host.example.com, 2017-03-06 17:38:31 +0100
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 7.69 GiB
Current LE 1969
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg_root/lv_swap
LV Name lv_swap
VG Name vg_root
LV UUID 2RDJZx-1I0f-AXEZ-nZOi-vANT-lUZd-4vsgDm
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time host.example.com, 2017-03-06 17:38:34 +0100
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 64.00 MiB
Current LE 16
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
Adding a logical volume#
$ lvcreate -L1 -n lv_test vg_test`` Rounding up size to full physical extent 4.00 MiB``
`` Logical volume “lv_test” created.``
Removing a logical volume#
$ lvremove vg_test/lv_testDo you really want to remove active logical volume vg_test/lv_test? [y/n]: y`` Logical volume “lv_test” successfully removed``
Resizing logical volume#
$ lvresize -l +100%FREE /dev/vg_root/lv_root
Size of logical volume vg_root/lv_root changed from 7.69 GiB (1969 extents) to 17.69 GiB (4528 extents).
Logical volume vg_root/lv_root successfully resized.
File Systems#
Displaying file systems#
$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1493744 0 1493744 0% /dev
tmpfs 1502748 0 1502748 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1502748 908 1501840 1% /run
tmpfs 1502748 0 1502748 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root 7807152 1058736 6328784 15% /
tmpfs 1502748 104 1502644 1% /tmp
/dev/vda1 243823 82943 148080 36% /boot
tmpfs 300548 0 300548 0% /run/user/0
Creating a file system#
$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_test/lv_test
mke2fs 1.44.2 (14-May-2018)
Discarding device blocks: done
Creating filesystem with 4096 1k blocks and 1024 inodes
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
Mounting a file system#
$ mkdir /test
$ mount /dev/vg_test/lv_test /test
Unmounting a file system#
$ umount /test
Resizing file system#
On Fedora:
$ resize2fs /dev/vg_root/lv_root
resize2fs 1.43.3 (04-Sep-2016)
Filesystem at /dev/vg_root/lv_root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 3
The filesystem on /dev/vg_root/lv_root is now 4636672 (4k) blocks long.
On RHEL/CentOS:
$ xfs_growfs /dev/vg_root/lv_root
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=635136 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2540544, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 2540544 to 5160960